Quantifier - Definition and Examples

In grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner (such as all, some, or much) that expresses a relative or indefinite indication of quantity. Quantifiers usually appear in front of nouns (as in all children), but they may also function as pronouns (as in All have returned). A complex quantifier is a phrase (such as a lot of) that functions as a quantifier. Examples and Observations I believe that every person is born with talent.  (Maya Angelou)Most of the people who will walk after me will be children, so make the beat keep time with short steps. (Hans Christian Andersen, in the instructions for the music for his funeral)Many books require no thought from those who read them, and for a very simple reason: they made no such demand upon those who wrote them. (Charles Caleb Colton, Lacon, or Many things in Few Words, 1820)All politicians should have three hats: one to throw into the ring, one to talk through, and one to pull rabbits out of if elected. (Carl Sandburg)Ive had a lot of worries in my life, most of which never happened. (attributed to Mark Twain, among others) Meanings of Quantifiers Quantifiers can be classified in terms of their meaning. Some quantifiers have a meaning of inclusiveness. That is, they refer to an entire group. Both refers to two members of a group of two, few to a subgroup of the entire group, and all to the totality of members of a group of unspecified size. Every and each refer to single members of a group. The difference between all, a few, and both on the one hand and each and every, is reflected in subject-verb agreement​Other quantifiers are noninclusive and have a meaning related to size or quantity. These quantifiers can be classified by the relative size they indicate. For example, many and much refer to large quantities, some to a moderate quantity, and little and few to small quantities . . .. (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Partitives and Quantifiers: Agreement There is, in fact, a somewhat fuzzy distinction between partitive structures and inclusives and Quantifiers formed with of. In a clause such as a lot of students have arrived it is the noun students which determines number agreement on the Finite (have - plural). It is not normally possible to say *a lot of students has arrived. Therefore students is the head of the noun group and a lot of is a complex Quantifier. Similarly, it is also normal to say a number of students have arrived not a number of students has arrived, that is, to treat a number of as a complex Quantifier. . . .For beginning learners, it may be best to introduce expressions such as a lot of and a number of as complex Quantifiers but in other cases to err on the prescriptive side and encourage agreement with the noun preceding of. (Graham Lock, Functional English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 1996) Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, and Quantifiers Count nouns (e.g. diamond, bottle, book, board, waiter, table, cat, bush, truck, house) and mass nouns (e.g. gold, coffee, paper, wood, meat, air, water, coal, smoke, blood, wine) differ grammatically in the range of articles and quantifiers they occur with. For instance, count nouns occur with the indefinite article a but not with the complex quantifier a lot of: a diamond, *a lot of diamond. Mass nouns do the opposite: a lot of gold, *a gold. (Ronald W. Langacker, Linguistic Manifestations of the Space-Time (Dis)Analogy. Space and Time in Languages and Cultures: Language, Culture, and Cognition, ed. by Luna Filipović and Katarzyna M. Jaszczolt. John Benjamins, 2012) Zero Plurals After numerals or quantifiers, count nouns may have a zero plural (the same form as in the singular): thirty year, many mile.​  (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Also Known As: quantifying determiner

Mass Incarceration And Its Effects On Society - 1492 Words

For more than a decade, researchers across multiple disciplines have been issuing reports on the widespread societal and economic damage caused by America’s now-40-year experiment in locking up vast numbers of its citizens. (The Editorial Board) The standard way of thinking about mass incarceration has it that mass incarceration is putting a stop to crimes. Today it has become common to dismiss the truth about mass incarceration. The Editorial Board of New York Times Magazine acknowledge that America`s imprisonment population has progressed to about 2.2 million (the Editorial Board). The Editorial Board is basically saying America is locking up more people than any country nationwide. What`s the solution? This has been going on since the 1970`s . The prison system contains over 150,000 woman in a local, federal, or state prison. Over a million are under supervision by the prison system. 30 percent are black women (Gaston). The rate of woman in jail has doubled the rate of men . In my own opinion mass incarceration isn’t just ONE problem, it is a chain of problems. 1. The breaking down of families and the children left behind. 2. Getting good resources, places to work or live, after release. 3. The discrimination of A frican Americans. 5. Unfair sentencing of the different races. 6. The expenses of keeping up a prison. They spend more than 70 million dollars on the prison systems. Most liberals blame â€Å"war on drugs†, long sentences for non-violent crimes, and racism . TheShow MoreRelatedMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Society2911 Words   |  12 Pagesapproximately 2 million American citizens incarcerated and nearly 700,000 inmates returning to their communities each year. (Petitt Western, 2004; Western, 2001). Since most prisoners are eventually released, mass incarceration has in turn produced a steep rise in the number of individuals reentering society and undergoing the process of social and economic reintegration. (Travis, 2005). During the period between 1982 and 2007, the number of Americans incarcerated in jails and prisons increased by 274% (PewRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On Families, Communities, And Society1400 Words   |  6 Pagespaved the way to create a cycle of endless incarceration for many people but especially for those of color. Such as the 1994 Violent Crime Control Act and the lack of substance abuse treatment in prisons. Overwhelmingly, mass incarceration has had a great impact on families, communities and society as a whole. As illuminated through the parable by inmate Joe Martinez, this continued cycling of inmates in and out of prison is devastating to the growth society. At the beginning of the parable theRead MoreThe Effects Of High Incarceration On The United States879 Words   |  4 PagesA. Societal Effects From Increasing Alienated Population The vast societal effects from mass incarceration have caused an increasingly alienated population to form in the U.S., which can be broadly classified in the dual areas of lasting effects and impacts to the family unit. First, the lasting effects of high incarceration rates are that they impact the rights of the convict, particularly African Americans. For example, noted civil rights attorney Michelle Alexander posits that the longRead MoreMass Incarceration802 Words   |  4 Pagesidentifies the racialized mass incarceration problem that we have in our criminal justice system. Reading the book, you can see that mass incarceration is a social problem. This means that the problem can follow the six stages of the policy process. If I were a claimsmaker, I could assert that mass incarceration is a problem by following the six stages. In the claimsmaking stage, I would claim that the War on Drugs creates the racialized mass incarceration in our society today. To show that we haveRead MoreCriminals Must Be Punished For Breaking The Laws Of The Land1489 Words   |  6 Pagesin which we discipline those who do not respect the law is vanishing. So, what will we do with criminals once all our jails exceed their maximum capacity? Those who break the law pose a danger to our society which is why we developed the system of incarceration. Jails have functioned in our society to protect citizens, or those who obey the constitution. For years, our jails were able to separate criminals from obedient citizens as well as punish criminals for their wrong doings. In the past, peopleRead MoreThe Division Of Our Society : Exploring Mass Imprisonment1737 Words   |  7 Pages Mass Incarceration The Division of Our Society: Exploring Mass Imprisonment Pamela D. Jackson WRIT 130: Research Paper Professor Jane Campanizzi-Mook September 11th 2015 ABSTRACT Prison is unfortunately big business in the United States and our society is paying the ultimate cost and there is only one system being rewarded. More than often we do not put much emphasis on the prison system in its entirety. It is a fairly simple concept to most Americans that if you commit a crime or ifRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreThe Basis for Cridme Deterren ce in the United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesreaching consequences for criminal offenders and completely ignores the true goal of incarceration, to rehabilitate the offender for reintroduction into society. Mass incarceration as a means of criminal rehabilitation in the United States is extremely flawed. There are many far-reaching consequences of this practice that not only affects the incarcerated but larger society on a whole. The phrase mass incarceration, according to Oxford Encyclopedia, refers to â€Å"comparatively and historically extremeRead MoreThe Problem With Mass Incarceration1445 Words   |  6 Pages The Problem with Mass Incarceration Over the past few decades, the United States has witnessed a huge surge in the number of individuals in jail and in prison. Evidence suggests the mass imprisonment policy from the last 40 years was a horrible catastrophe. Putting more people in prison not only ruined lives, it disrupted families, prevented ex-prisoners to find housing, to get an education, or even a good job. Regrettably, the United States has a higher percent of its population incarcerated

Criminal Law for Nude or Sexual Photos -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCriminal Law for Nude or Sexual Photos. Answer: Sexting refers to sending indecent, nude or sexual photos such as selfies, through a mobile phone, computer or mobile device. Sexting is something which takes place between the adults and also between the young people. There are state and commonwealth criminal law provisions which apply over sexting, in order to regulate sexting between the adults[1]. It is deemed as a crime when a person sends such intimate image, in an intentional manner, to a person who is under the age of eighteen even when such person agrees towards such messages being sent to him/ her. Apart from this, a person can also be charged by the police under the child pornography offences[2]. In the following parts, these very laws have been discussed, along with analysing the need for criminal law reforms with regards to sexting between the adults. Each state has its own legislations when it comes to sexting. Sexting was declared as an offence on November, 02nd 2014 where a sext message of an adult is sent to another person, particularly where the adult does not agree for the image to be distributed in Victoria. And when such happens, the maximum penalty which can be imposed is a year of jail time. Even when a person threatens the other person to send an intimate image of a person to another, from the November 02nd, 2014, the same has been deemed as an offence. So, even for this threat, a person can be given a maximum penalty of one year jail time[3]. In South Australia, Sexting is deemed as the use of phone or internet for sending sexy or nude pictures. When the same is done with people under the age of 18, it is deemed as a crime and also involves harassing of individuals irrespective of their age. In the South Australia alone, as per the law, consent can be given to sexting and sex even at the age of 18. But there is not onl y an applicability of the laws of South Australia, as the commonwealth law is also applicable when the phone or internet is used for sending such pictures. Where the sexting involves dissemination or production of child exploitation material or the law is offended, particularly the ones against offensive or harassing behaviour or against indecency, it becomes illegal[4]. In South Australia, Criminal Law Consolidation Act, 1935[5] makes it unlawful if any child exploitation material is produced, possessed or disseminated. Under section 62, the requirement of person under age of 17 is covered, which makes images of such person in pornographic nature, which is intended to gratify or excite sexual interest or for doing the same for a perverted or sadist interest, in cruelty or violence[6]. Section 63 covers the production and dissemination to include the steps for producing or disseminating child exploitation material. The maximum penalty for this offence is ten years as basic offence, and twelve years for an aggravated offence[7]. The Federal or the Commonwealth law, with regards to sexting is provided under the Criminal Code Act, 1995[8]. Under this act, it is deemed as an offence to use internet services or phone for accessing, sending, publishing and soliciting material which is child pornography, pursuant to section 474.19(a)[9]. Under this act, child pornography includes such material like a picture of a person who appears to be or who actually is, under the age of 18, is engaged in sexual activity or in a sexual pose or is in presence of a person who is engaged in sexual activity or sexual position; and also includes the depiction of sexual purpose or describes the sexual organs, female breasts or anal region, who appears to be or actually is under the age of 18. Such activities are deemed as offensive pursuant to section 473.1 of this act[10]. Some other offences which can be included in sexting includes the procurement of sexual activity of under 16 year old, pursuant to section 474.26[11]; using inter net services or phone for grooming the children under sixteen for sexual activity, pursuant to section 474.27[12]; using phone or internet services for sending inducement communications to individuals under age of 16 or for menacing or causing offence, pursuant to section 474.17[13]. The laws surrounding around sexting are deemed as particularly harsh, when there is a consensual sexting involved. This begs the need of decriminalizing consensual and age appropriate sexting. And this begs the need of amending the child pornography offences. This is because it is disproportionate, inappropriate and extremely damaging for a young person, who is engaged in consensual sexting, to be subjected to charges of child pornography and for possibly registering as a sex offender[14]. The child pornography offences are deemed as indictable offences which carry with them, major penalties. It has also been noted by the CBA, i.e., the Criminal Bar Association that these offences have a social stigma associated with them, which is significant for it having lasting and real capacity of prejudicing the social opportunities, employment and even travel of a person. Even when the sentencing orders did not include an imprisonment term, the social stigma of child pornography offence is con tinued forever. It has, for a long time been suggested by the Victorian Legal Aid that the long term consequences of such convictions are worsened due to lack of conviction schemes in the state and the person continues to be noted as a paedophile or a serious sex offender[15]. It has also been deemed by the Childrens Court of Victoria that by a young person being charged under the child pornography offence, in particular for sexting, it was like using a sledge hammer for cracking a nut. In the other sense, it means that for a very simple issue, making it an offence, followed by the magnitude of the offence and its lifelong consequences, the theme of being a fair and just law is put in question. There is a need to understand that sexting had been created particularly for the interest of teens and children and for ensuring that their physical and emotional welfare was protected, particularly from the predatory people. Though, the law of the present time fails to serve the purpose which was intended by the law as it is not protecting the teenagers and is instead leaving them prone to troubles with law, particularly prosecution[16]. The South Australian laws were drafted to be amended, in 2015 where the changes required that the filming and sentencing of offence, for the individuals under the age of 17, to be deemed as an offence and the name of the culprit, be entered into the Child Sex Offender Register. And this offence was to carry a maximum imprisonment of four years or a fine of $20,000. It was stated by the Attorney-General of South Australia, of that time, John Rau, that this was proposed to crackdown the revenge porn[17] concept. And that there was a need for the young people to understand that a shared naked selfie could be shared further with thousands of people. This could result in harassment and bullying, as anything which enters the cyberspace, remains there forever. The fine for threatening to such image was two year jail time or $10,000 fine. Rau stated the need of the teenagers to understand that the nude picture which they have sent, do they want the same at the front of a newspaper. However, tees should not be punished under the child porn laws for such behaviour. The same could be explained through the case of 2014 where a 21 year of man, from South Australia, was convicted of a child sex offence, even when he had taken semi-nude photo of a 16 year old girl, which was consensual. There was a need to give some relaxation to the young people, as per Vickie Chapman, as they are innocent and immature and they should not have to bear the same penalties as an adult offender. Thus, there is a need to bring such reforms where the young is not punished for their innocence and at the same time, the act is able to protect the young people[18]. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that selfie and the pictures which cover nude or indecent material is deemed as a criminal offence in the nation, both under the state laws and the federal laws. This law punishes those who send such pictures, particularly to children below eighteen years of age, as it is deemed as an offence on the child. It also punishes for the threat to send such explicit photos. However, the punishments associated with these offences create a lifelong stigma on the punished persona and also proves to be unfair for the young people, who do not understand the consequences of their action. In this regard, it becomes crucial to bringing amendments to the law so that such young people can be saved from the stigma, particularly when such offence impacts even the travel of a person. Bibliography Articles/ Books/ Reports Crofts T, Lee M, and McGovern A, Sexting and Young People (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) Martellozzo E, and Jane EA, Cybercrime and Its Victims (Routledge, 2017) Legislations Criminal Code Act, 1995 (Cth) Criminal Law Consolidation Act, 1935 (SA) Others Hancock J, New sexting laws in SA to spare children from facing child pornography charges (2015) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-30/new-laws-in-sa-to-protect-children-sexting-from-porn-charges/7059932 Law Reform Committee, Inquiry into sexting (2013) https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/file_uploads/LRC_Sexting_Final_Report_0c0rvqP5.pdf Lawstuff, Sexting (2017) https://www.lawstuff.org.au/sa_law/topics/Sexting Marcus C, Laws on consensual teenage sex 'draconian' and need change: Judge Paul Muscat (2014) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-11/laws-on-consensual-teenage-sex-need-change-judge-paul-muscat/5515208 The Conversation, FactCheck QA: are there laws to protect against revenge porn in Australia? (2017) https://theconversation.com/factcheck-qanda-are-there-laws-to-protect-against-revenge-porn-in-australia-74154 Victorian Legal Aid, Sexting and child pornography (2014) https://www.legalaid.vic.gov.au/find-legal-answers/sex-and-law/sexting-and-child-pornography